The Theory Of Behaviorism And Operant Conditioning

B.F Skinner Renowned American psychologist B.F. Skinner, well known for his theory on behaviorism and operant conditioning. He was the most influential 20th - century psychologist. His works includes â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms† (1938) which was about the results in his experiment with operant conditioning, and a novel based on his theories â€Å"Walden† (1948). He was not only a psychologist he was a behaviorist, teacher, author, inventor, and a social philosopher as well. Born as Burrhus Frederic Skinner, in a small town of Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. As a young boy he was active, out-going who loved the outdoors and was fascinated in building gadgets and contraptions. As he grew up, in 1926 Skinner attended Hamilton College in New York, where broaden a passion for writing, but he did not have much success with writing. So he made the decision to pursue psychology at Harvard University. After Skinner earned his doctorate at Harvard, he started working and develope d ideas of human behavior. He was influenced by the work of John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov as well. During his time at Harvard he wanted a verifiable way to study psychology. In result, he developed a machine called â€Å"Operant Conditioning† in 1937, known as the Skinner Box. Skinner’s theory was that the external behavior should be observed only, he was more focused on how the consequences can impact a person’s behavior. He wanted to analyze how a consequences of a behavior can increase and decrease. TheShow MoreRelatedBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesalso. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentione d, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreThe Theory Of Behaviorism Operant Conditioning993 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Behaviorism takes on many forms, B.F. Skinner liked to call his form of behaviorism Operant Conditioning. He would rather study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. He felt that was the best way to see how one may react to a particular stimuli and how one would handle the situation. Skinner believed that if a behavior is reinforced the behavior will continue. This had a two sided effect. If the bad behavior was reinforced the bad behavior would continue. Such as the goodRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesamong them based on their theories and perspectives. Each theory and concept is like steps on a ladder that define prior events that lead to current day theory known as modern day psychology. Respectfully John B. Watson is the founder of behaviorism and B.F. Skinner is the founder of radical behaviorism, but Edward Tolman marches to a different drum and is known for developing cognitive theory. Herein we will compare and contr ast each theory and formulate how each theory is imperative in 2012.Read MoreUpchurch Shawna EDUC 205 Learning Theory Paper1384 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Shawna Upchurch EDUC 205 Learning Theories Paper August 14, 2014 Behaviorism Behaviorism is one of the most used theories in education. Due to it can fit in both a classroom setting and at home. Educators had sought out the reason why for many years. But due to each child learns a different way so should the educator. Behaviorism was study by many great Psychologists over the years. Just to name some that had done work and publish books on the subject are, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Clark HullRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He t henRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 PagesClassification Behaviorism claims that â€Å"consciousness† is neither defined nor unable concept; that it is merely another word for the â€Å"soul† of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being. Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologistRead MoreWhy Do We Do Your Regular Schedules?1368 Words   |  6 PagesTodd Donerson 5/9/2015 Intr. Philosophy Main project part 2 Behaviorism Why do we do the things we do in our regular schedules? Do we do it on impulse, is it something we daily choose to do, or are we simply conditioned to a point where it becomes natural? These are the questions behaviorists think about when studying other people. I believe this is the right theory because I believe that everything a person does, why they think they way they do, why they do the things they do is becauseRead MoreBehaviorism As A Psychological Theory Of Human Development942 Words   |  4 Pages Behaviorism at its finest Life circumstances or events can predict the way that most people behave or handle situation. It is also believed that ones behavior is effected based on the positive or negative reinforcements received all throughout a persons life. Behaviorism is a psychological theory of human development that posits that humans can be trained, or conditioned, to respond in specific ways to specific stimuli and that given the correct stimuli, personalities and behaviors of individualsRead MoreBehaviorism And Social Learning Theory1531 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism and social learning theory are examples of two mechanistic theories that focus on explaining children’s behavior. Social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and imitation. On the other hand, behaviorism is rooted in focusing on how the environment impacts development. The environment shapes the child’s development as the child strives to adapt to the environment. Both theories deal with explaining behavior and consist of similarities, but are composed of different elementsRead MoreBehaviorism The Developmental Grand Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism the Developmental Grand Theory Hillary C. Wade Cisco College Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology 2314 Lifespan Growth and Development, Fall Mini-Semester, Taught by Linda Grant. Abstract Out of all the theories of lifespan development, behaviorism has proven to be the most efficient explanation of how we grow and adapt with our environments. Also known as the learning theory, it was developed by John B. Watson, and with major contributions from B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov

Evolution Of Mass Media - 874 Words

Major developments in the evolution of mass media Media has been changing drastically since its inception. While print was the main form of media for the longest time, when radio and television became major forms of media they brought something with them that words could not do. People who were tuning in to the radio and watching television were now exposed to marketing campaigns, visual violence, sexuality, suffering and relief, and the start of celebrity idolization. As technology expanded and matured, the electronic age began. Since that time mass media has multiplied exponentially, information can be accessed faster and faster, more and more information could be circulated and accessed. As well as information circulating, marketing†¦show more content†¦As people, have begun to receive more and more information from different sources, and see that there are more points of view and opinions on the same information, this is shown in both traditional and emerging media. This new source of information is a huge effect on n ot only American culture, but the entire world. Media can influence the opinions of people in severe ways, both good and bad, for example government influence on media can sway the opinions of the people exposed to that specific media. As the media plays such an influential role in the lives of most Americans, we need to ask ourselves, â€Å"Are we in control of the media, or is the media in control of us?† Media’s drastic growth has lead society to become more aware of what is going on socially, economically, etc. However, as more and more information is presented to us we are more susceptible to biased information that is underhandedly attempting to sway opinions to parallel that of the biased. As people become more aware about what is truly going on, and taking about it through emerging media sources and exposing themselves to many different sources of traditional media, the individual can find the truth and form his or her own educated opinion, and American culture holds this as a very important factor in the people’s everyday lives. We feel as if we are not droids controlledShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Mass Media786 Words   |  4 Pages The Evolution of Mass Media De’Boria Claiborne-Lowery University of Phoenix HUM/186 Instructor Allyson Wells December 4, 2017 The Evolution of Mass Media The mass media are critical players in the American political system. Media is seen in many forms nowadays such as television, radio, social media, newspapers, magazine, etc. The media affects people in varied ways, some are positive and others are negative. A positive aspectRead MoreEvolution And Devolution Of The Mass Media994 Words   |  4 Pages The Evolution and Devolution of the Mass Media The political behavior of citizens, policymakers, and the political agenda are increasingly shaped by the mass media. Throughout our country s relatively modern political history, what the masses consume on television, radio, newspapers, and now the Internet, guides and shapes a person s respective political ideology in a significant manner. Although numerous factors are involved in shaping a political ideology, the media is the most crucialRead MoreThe Evolution of Technlogy and Mass Media Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagesdevices, to the way people receive news and communicate. The changes of technology play a big part in the media and how it is used. The technological changes made throughout these time periods have made communication and the media widely spread. The 60s brought along many new changes in the way media is produced. 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Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This isRead MoreDevelopments in the Last Century1046 Words   |  5 PagesLast Century Brenda Steger Hum/186 Media Influences On American Culture June 8, 2013 Dr. Victoria Yancey Developments In The Last Century In detail this paper will show how the media played an important role in the culture today. It will answer the questions What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media in the last century? It will also ask How did each development influence American culture? And What is ment by the term media convergence and how it affected everyday

Project Management of The Latino Engineering Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Management of The Latino Engineering Company. Answer: Introduction The Latino Engineering Company, founded 30 years back by a passionate engineer who believes in quality, Dominic Latino, is facing serious challenges after being sold off to a consortium of investors. Earlier, they had given Mr. Latino the offer of buying shares; but the latter believed this would affect his control over the firm and adversely impact his decision making. As a result, Mr. Latino decided to sell the whole company and retire. The new owners retained the previous employees, although lost some managers that left to seek greener pastures. Latino Engineering had develop a huge customer base and high sales, mainly because of its reputation for quality, supplying engineering equipment to various companies in diverse industries including services, construction, gas and oil, and infrastructure projects. Unfortunately, the last twelve months have seen complaints rise from customers; the complaints include; Defective engineering equipment Poor design and development follow up with clients Too long turnaround time for issue resolution Non responsive customer service team In some cases, wrong engineering equipment was packaged and delivered to clients Latino Engineering has therefore asked for solutions on how these issues can be tackled within a three month period. This report outlines the tools and methods that will be used to identify the cause of the problems, along with solutions to the problem, and what will have to be done to ensure continuous improvement to ensure high quality and resolve the niggling problems. The main approach will entail the use of the 7 QC Tools in the context of Kanban for continuous improving; the process will start by an evaluation using the POTI tool. Identifying Causes and Continuous Improvement Plan The proposed tool to be used for the CIP (continuous improvement plan) is the Seven Quality Control Tool for Continuous Improvement (7 QC Tools). The 7 QC Tools method refers to a toll used in solving problems employing the use of simple statistical methods (Leebov Ersoz 2003). The 7 QC Tools is a set of predominantly graphical techniques that are very helpful in identifying and solving most of the quality related issues, for example in manufacturing or provision of services (Stolfa et al., 2016). It originated in the post war Japan and was inspired by the seven Benkel weapons and is now listed by the PMBOK as useful tool for controlling and planning the quality of projects (Oakland 2016). The 7 QC Tools contain seven specific tools namely; The Cause and Effect Diagram A Check Sheet A Control Chart A Histogram A Pareto Chart A Scatter Diagram Stratification chart Before implementing methods for improving the processes at Latino Engineering, it is essential that a wider framework is employed in identifying the issues causing the reported problems. The problems at Latino Engineering are systemic, with the reported issues being symptoms of a much bigger malaise, including poor communication and an organizational culture that is not aligned with the traditional strategic goals and objectives of Latino Engineering. To start off, the POTI Model (that means Processes, Organization, and Technology Information) is a tool used by organizations to develop a blue print of its vision. Processes refer to a chain of activities; this project aims at changing some processes at Latino and introduces new ones in order to improve customer service and quality (Cox 2014), (Bartolini and Gaspary, 2009). It is envisaged that some business models at Latino must be changed after this project is implemented. The changes allude to output and levels of performance, intr oducing new ways of dealing with clients and designing, phasing out old approaches presently in use, and changing present working methods (Vijaykumar 2015). Latino will need to have the customer service personnel re trained so they can better meet client needs. A meeting will be held with them and their opinions on ways of making improvements sought before changes are implemented. Changes are also required in how engineers and designers deal with clients, from capturing customer needs, to sourcing raw materials and designing and testing the products. Upon making a request, a project team with the requisite skills will be assigned to the client. The team will collect the needs of the customer and then meet and decide on how they can deliver the product to the client as required. These teams will have specified roles and will report their progress periodically to the manager, special projects. The teams will work with computers and require software to aid their work, including design and design management software and testing and simulation software, along with software for collaboration to enhance team work, fast delivery, and reduced defects in products. The team will, after designing the product, undertake extensive tests in a simulated environment using suitable testing software. After extensive tests, the team will review results based on design and perform ance requirements and make adjustments to the design and carry out more tests until the design meets functional and performance specifications. This is to be followed by the design of a prototype and testing I in real conditions, before making adjustments and building the final product. In all instances, there must be recorded communication with the client or their representatives, captured through an application like customer relationship management software (CRM)(Peratec 2012). The team will have a designated project manager to ensure the customer requirements are fully met within the provided time and budget and take notes for further review. The teams handling a project must have a comprehensive report upon completion and have this given to the Latino Engineering Management. Organization alludes to the changes people must undergo in order to improve service delivery and product quality, including changing the organizational culture at Latino. The aspect deals with new skills required for employees, levels of staffing, changes in organizational culture, and training. The problems indicate that the organizational culture at Latino is wanting and changes must be undertaken. This will require managers to be involved in initiating cultural changes and have a culture that is centered on customer delivery and quality(Hewett n.d). Technology refers to the requirements for technology at Latino so that operations and processes can be improved to better reflect customer needs. Technology entails new computer systems, changing present systems of technology, networking requirements, and information systems. The operations at Latino, from the problems described, require automated processes with tracking and reporting so that those in charge of projects can be identified and how they handle the project be recorded too. Further, it will enhance customer delivery and service by enabling customer complaints to be recorded, and assigned to a customer service person, and follow up done (Vijaykumar 2015). Information alludes to data; companies are increasingly relying on data for decision making and strategy development. As such, Latino will need to have systems that generate reports in real time that are then used for decision making. As with all projects, this one has some inherent risks as well as assumptions. Risks will be managed through a risk management and mitigation plan that will take into consideration the assumptions to the project and define certain and uncertain events. With this information, a plan and schedule will be created for managing project risks (Artto Kahkonen 2013). The risk management approach will be continuous, with new risks identified and mitigation measures put in place. This project works on the assumption that Latino has the resources to acquire the necessary software and expertise to aid in project implementation. It is also assumed that there will be full cooperation from staff and the project executive and business sponsors will ensure the project has no barriers or internal threats, including financing (Miller Lessard 2001). Continuous Improvement Plan (CIP) The plan, as discussed afore, will employ the 7 QC Tools The Cause and Effect Diagram This is a quality tool that is useful in showing the relationship between the effect and the observed symptoms. This tool will be employed in generating ideas about the causes of the problems currently being experienced by Latino Engineering. The ideas will seek to know the causes of the listed problems especially on engineering products quality and customer service. This will start by a question on why products are defective, and customer support is unresponsive? The question for each problem must be answered by the generated ideas. Ideas can include causes like machinery, methods used, measurements, materials, and human resources (Holcomb 2001). The branches of the diagram are then labeled and brainstorming initiated to find the cause for each and every category (As depicted in Fig I). the causes will then be prioritized and validated. A Check Sheet This is a structured form for data collection and will be used for collecting observed data, such as defects in products and the team/ department/ people in charge of producing a specific product. The pattens and frequency of product defects, unresponsive customer service, and poor follow up during design and development to establish events, their frequency, patterns, causes, of defects, and the location of these defects. The check sheets will be populated by first determining the issue to be observed and a decision made on when to collect data. The form will then be designed and data recorded; this will help identify where the problems are coming from and their frequency (Shiba, Walden, Graham Petrolini 2007). Control Charts These will be utilized in studying processes and how they change with time; the charts will have upper and lower limits for control using historical data. Current data will be used to compare with historical data and conclusions drawn. The charts will measure variables and variations; for instance, the relationship between use of a CRM and customer satisfaction. The control charts will be applied to control the processes of design, customer service, and product development and be used for predicting the expected outcomes range within a process. Using statistical control methods, the control charts will be used to determine whether the current processes are stable and remedial measures proposed. Further, the control charts will be used to analyze process variation patterns due to special causes that are not routine as well as those due to common causes built into processes (Shiba, Walden, Graham Petrolini 2007). The control charts will also help Latino Engineering determine if progra ms for improving quality should focus on preventing/ managing specific problems or have the entire process changed. The charts will be used for collecting data, constructing charts and analyzing data. Histogram Analysis This is a frequency distribution tool that will be used to show how often different values are observed; for instance, how often a particular defect is observed within a given product batch. The histogram shows the data distribution shape for issues with numerical data, such as number of times a product performance is simulated and the resultant defects (Revelle 2004). The histogram will also be used to evaluate the chances of a given process resulting in customer needs being met and to determine the periods during which process changes have occurred. The histogram will additionally be helpful in determining whether there is difference between two or more processes have and to quickly communicate data distribution points. The histogram requires at least fifty consecutive data points to be collected. Pareto Chart This is also a frequency chart where bar lengths denote the frequency of occurrence; for the Latino Engineering Company. The Pareto chart will be used to define those issues that are of critical importance in terms of frequency and impact. This will help in focusing on effort on the most important issues that, for example, adversely impact product quality (Vrat 2014). It will give an indication of the observed problems frequency and their causes. The chart will also help determine the causes that focus should be placed on, especially if there are many causes identified by the cause and effect diagram. The chart will also help in understanding broad causes of problems by enabling specific components to be evaluated and it will also help in communicating data to different stakeholders within the company. Scatter Diagram According to Protzman et al. (2016), the scatter diagram is an X-Y graph plotted on a Cartesian plane and it pairs numerical data that are variables, with each axis representing a given variable. It aims at establishing correlation between two variables and help make predictors on what happens to one variable when the other changes. This is especially important for improving processes and products quality as it will determine if variables are correlated such as when identifying the root causes of the problems, determine the objectivity of the cause effect diagram findings, and for testing for auto correlation before a control chart is constructed ('American Society for Quality', 2017). Stratification This will be used together with other tools after various data have been lumped together; it ensures meanings for such lumped data can still be seen. The stratification tool ensures that patterns remain visible, for instance, the number of defective machines over a given time period. With such information, the company will be able to determine the progress in quality improvement, whether things are getting better or worse. Stratification is used even before data is collected and when analysis of collected data requires different conditions or sources to be separated ('American Society for Quality', 2017). The tool will also be used when data is obtained from different conditions and sources such as production schedules for different departments, or defects for every production shift. The entire 7 QC tools and how it will be implemented is show in the Appendices Continuous Quality Improvement The 7 QC tools will not be applied once; instead; they will provide valuable data to use for designing improvements and monitor the impacts of those interventions and determine what to continue using and what to abandon. The 7 QC Tools will also help determine the issues and causes that are of critical importance and have bigger impacts and help determine resource allocation on where to start making changes (Dale 2016). The Kanban framework, along with tools like total quality management (TQM), will be employed to ensure significant improvements in the listed problems; Kanban is a framework used to improve manufacturing within the context of lean manufacturing (Novkov, 2017). It will be applied to the entire production system at Latino Engineering, from controlling inventory, to ensuring quality, reducing defects, and responding to customer needs. Using Kanban, cycle and lead times for processes and steps will be measured so that problem areas can be identified, with help from data a nd trends from the 7 QC Tools (Radigan 2017). This will be used to ensure continuous improvement of systems and processes to ensure defects are minimize and customer complaints reduce or are eliminated. It will be employed in managing and reviewing defects with a view to eliminating it. Kaizen will also be used to manage the entire process in which data and statistics are used to monitor performance and progress at the whole company level. Each person is tasked with ensuring processes and methods are continuously improved using the PDCA model or plan do check act (Duffy 2014). Conclusion Latino Engineering is facing some serious problems to do with product quality and customer service. To solve them, the root causes must be determined using the POTI framework. Within this framework, the 7 QC Tools will be employed for identification of problem causes, frequency monitoring, classification, and evaluation of problems and causes. The 7 QC tools will be helpful in generating data to determine whether interventions are bearing fruit or no. further, the Kanban tool will be used in improving quality performance in the company, while Kaizen will be employed to ensure the processes are repeated with a view to filtering out and eliminating problems and their causes at every cycle, until high quality levels are obtained, such as 3 defects per 1000 products. References 'American Society for Quality' (2017). Stratification - Stratified Analysis | ASQ. [online] Asq.org. Available at: https://asq.org/learn-about-quality/data-collection-analysis-tools/overview/stratification.html [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Artto, K. A., Kahkonen, K. (2013). Managing Risks in Projects. Hoboken, Taylor and Francis. https://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=63563. Bartolini, C. and Gaspary, L. (2009). Integrated management of systems, services, processes and people in IT. Berlin: Springer. Cox, S. (2014). Managing information in organizations: a practical guide to implementing an information management strategy. Hampshire ; New York : Palgrave Macmillan Dale, B. (2016). Managing Quality : An Essential Guide and Resource Gateway. Wiley Sons Canada, Limited, John. Duffy, G. (2014). Modular kaizen. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press. Hewett, J. (n.d). What is Change Management? [online] Balance Global. Available at: https://balance-global.com/blog/what-is-change-management/ Holcomb, E. L. (2001). Asking the right questions: techniques for collaboration and school change. Thousand Oaks, Calif, Corwin Press. Leebov, W., Ersoz, C. J. (2003). The health care manager's guide to continuous quality improvement. New York, Authors Choice Press. Miller, R., Lessard, D. (2001). Understanding and managing risks in large engineering projects. International Journal of Project Management. 19, 437-443. Novkov, A. (2017). Quality Contol vs Continuous Improvement | Kanbanize Blog. [online] Kanbanize Blog. Available at: https://kanbanize.com/blog/difference-between-quality-control-and-continuous-improvement/ [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Oakland, J. S. (2016). Total quality management: a pictorial guide for managers. New York, Routledge. Protzman, C., Whiton, F., Kerpchar, J., Lewandowski, C., Stenberg, S. and Grounds, P. (2016). The Lean Practitioner's Field Book. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis. Radigan, D. (2017). Kanban The Agile Coach. [online] Atlassian. Available at: https://www.atlassian.com/agile/kanban [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Revelle, J. B. (2004). Quality essentials: a reference guide from A to Z. Milwaukee, Wisc, ASQ Quality Press. Shiba, S., Walden, D., Graham, A., Petrolini, J. (2007). Four Practical Revolutions in Management: Systems for Creating Unique Organizational Capability. Florence, Productivity Press. https://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=4423. Stolfa, J., Stolfa, S., O'Connor, R. and Messnarz, R. (2016). Systems, software and services process improvement. Berlin: Springer, p.472. Vijayakumar, V. (2015). Blueprint - MSP Perspective and General Techniques. [online] Mspblueprint.blogspot.co.ke. Available at: https://mspblueprint.blogspot.co.ke/ [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Vrat, P. (2014). Materials management: an integrated systems approach. New Delhi : Springer Project Management